The Declaration of the Caliphate in Iraq by Islamic State (ISIS) in July 2014 raises growing concerns about jihadist expansion all over the world, but especially in North Africa where diverse jihadist groups and leaders are vying for dominance. In a region known for jihadist splinter groups, competing ethnic militias and lack of trust amongst these groups leaders, a Maghreb or Sahel Caliphate seems only possible if unity could be gained within a regional dynamic of jihadist diversity.